QUEEN ELIZABETH I 1533-1603

QUEEN ELIZABETH I 1533-1603

Throughout the history of England, was Queen Elizabeth I, which is generally considered the king of the most prominent. Forty-five years of his reign was a time of economic prosperity, development of literature, and the emergence of British naval strength so topnotch above the ocean. When the British no longer have kings who stand out, there was a lift England to the golden era.
Elizabeth was born in 1533 in Greenwich, England. His father, King Henry VIII, the pioneering British act renewal. Her mother, Anne Boleyn, was the second wife of Henry. Anne was beheaded to roll like a palm in 1536 and several months later issued an announcement that Elizabeth's parliament who was three years old as a "son of bitch." (This is the general attitude of English Catholics who do not consider legitimate Henry's divorce from his first wife). Although there are the curse of parliament, Elizabeth was raised in the royal household and get a good education.
Henry VIII died in 1547 when Elizabeth was thirteen years old. Eleven years after British rule did not exist that could be considered successful. Edward VI, Elizabeth's half-brother to the throne from 1547 until 1553. Under his rule, political obviously pro-Protestant. Queen Mary I reigned five years after that support the supremacy of the papacy and the strengthening of the Roman Catholic again. During his reign the British Protestants are pursued and persecuted, even some three hundred followers were executed. (This caused the queen to bad nickname: "the bloody Mary." Elizabeth himself arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Though eventually released, his life in recent times was in danger. When Mary died (in 1558) Elizabeth that have been aged two twenty-five years on the throne. The increase is to give the brightness for the British population.
Many problems that prevent this young young queen: the war against France; strained relationship with Scotland and Spain; government monetary conditions, and on top of everything that is dark cloud of religious divisions that depend on the head of the UK.
This latest crisis is handled first. Shortly after Elizabeth ascended the throne, the law on "Supremacy and Equality" passed in 1559, establishing English as the official religion Anglican. These satisfy the moderate Protestants, but the Puritans wanted more drastic changes. Although the Puritans faced opposition on the one hand and the Catholics on the other hand, during his reign remains to establish compromises contained in the Act 1559.
Religious situation becomes complicated by circumstances relating to Mary Queen of Scots. Mary was forced to leave Scotland and fled to England. Upon arrival in England he became a prisoner of Queen Elizabeth. Step Elizabeth is not on the basis of violence and arbitrarily: Mary Roman Catholics and also had a decent claim the throne replace Elizabeth. This means, if there is a successful rebellion or murder, the UK will have a more Catholic queen. During detention Mary was nineteen years there are some times gang confront Elizabeth and there is sufficient evidence of the involvement of Mary. Finally in 1587 Mary was sentenced to death. Elizabeth signed the sentence was a little reluctantly. The ministers and MPs generally demanded that Mary killed the sooner the better.
Religious opposition really endanger Elizabeth. In 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated and ordered him off the throne, and in 1580 Pope Gregory XIII issued an announcement that it is not sinful to kill Elizabeth. However, the situation is also favorable Elizabeth. Throughout his reign, the Protestants seized with a fear of Catholic Religious revival in England. Elizabeth shows itself like a face shield that revival. And this is the source of the principal causes of his popularity among the masses of the great British Protestants.
Elizabeth's handling of foreign policy carefully, flexible, and far-sighted. In early 1560 he completed the "Treaty of Edinburgh" which guarantees a peaceful settlement with the Scots. War with France ended and the relations between the two countries improved. But, gradually, gradually forced the British state was involved conflict with Spain. Elizabeth tried to avoid war, but for the militant Catholic Spain of the 16th century, war between the Spanish with English Protestant hard inevitable. The rebellion in Holland against the Spanish rulers are servants of factors: the rebel general, adherents of the Protestant Dutch and Spanish boost when rebels, Elizabeth helped the Netherlands, despite the fact that Elizabeth had no desire to fight personal. Generally the British people as well as the ministers and parliament more eager to take up arms rather than Elizabeth. Therefore, when the war with Spain finally broke out also in 1580an, Elizabeth gained strong support for the British people.
For years Elizabeth diligently to build the British navy, but, King Philip II of Spain are also rushing to build a large fleet - Spanish Armada - to confront the British. Spanish Armada ships had an almost equal number with belonging to Britain, but kelasinya less, more, more well-trained British sailors and quality of ships and cannon weapons better. The fight broke out in 1588, and an exciting sea battle that ended with the defeat of the Spanish absolute. As a result of this victory, Britain became steadily as the naval forces of the world's most thumbs, fixed position he held until the 20th century this.
Elizabeth always careful in the matter of finances. In the early days of his reign the British Empire's financial condition was healthy. But of course bicker with Spain asked the cost of expensive and at the end of his reign very poor financial circumstances. However, despite poor kingdom, the state of the country as a whole unconditioned more prosperous than at the time of Elizabeth embed crown on top of his head.
Elizabeth's reign for forty-five years (from 1558 until 1603) is often considered "the golden era of England." Some famous British writers, including William Shakespeare, lived in those days. Elizabeth clearly has a stake in this cultural development. He gave the spirit of Shakespeare's theater facing London local government opposition. However, no development of music or a painting that could rival the development of literature.
Elizabeth era also witnessed the rise of English as the explorers. There were repeated trips to Russia and the experiments by Martin Frobisher and John Davis to find a way northwest toward the Far East. Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world (from 1577 to 1580), set foot in California on that trip. Also there is a failed experiment (by Sir Walter Raleigh and others) founded the settlement in North America.
Perhaps the greatest deficiency Elizabeth reluctantly turn provide opportunities for his throne. Not only did she never marry, but she always avoided setting a replacement. (Maybe because he was afraid, if he appoint someone to be his successor will soon be a rival). Whatever the reason Elizabeth did not want to mention his successor, if he died young (or at any time before the death of Mary of Scotland), the UK may already kecemplung in the arena of civil war after the replacement. Good luck for England, Elizabeth lived to the age of seventy years. Above the bed before his spirit floated, he called King James II of Scotland (son of Mary of Scotland) became his successor. Although this means the union between England and Scotland under one crown, this is a confusing choice. Neither James nor his son Charles I was too authoritarian for British tastes, and in the middle of the century of civil war had burst.
Elizabeth had intelligence that exceeds the ordinary person and a politician capable, decisive, have a broad outlook. Coincided with that he has prudence and conservative. He suffered dislikes war and bloodshed, although if necessary he could insist. Like his father, he runs the government with parliamentary cooperation rather than fight it. Because he was not married, so apparently she was a virgin as put forward in public. However, it is also too true if he considered it the sort of man women haters. On the contrary, he clearly likes him and likes to hang out with him. Elizabeth has the ability to choose his ministers are incompetent. Some of the results achieved, among others, thanks to Williarn Cecil (Lord Burghley), who became the main adviser from 1558 until her death in 1598.
Principles of Elizabeth's success can be summarized as follows: First, he led Britain during the second phase of the renewal period without significant bloodshed. (In contrast to Germany where thirty-year war (1618-1648) killed more than twenty-five percent of the population, it is striking). Besides him, the ease of religious hatred between Catholic and Protestant England England, he managed to also maintain the unity of the nation. Second, forty-five years of his reign - Era Elizabeth - generally considered the golden age of a great nation in the world. Third, is also in his reign England emerged as the main force, which could maintain their position the next centuries.
Elizabeth's position in the list order this book had come out a clear habit. In essence, this book is a list of great innovators, the people who put forward new ideas or bring something changes the situation. Elizabeth was not a reformer, not an innovator, and the line of political policy generally cautious and conservative. Nevertheless, much progress happened in his administration than the general proficiency of a conscious desire progress.
Elizabeth did not try to deal directly with serious problems, which is the authority of parliament and royal affairs. However, by the way just stand off to become a despotic, he may be a key driver of democratic life in England than he announced a democratic constitution. Elizabeth did not seek greatness military field and also had no interest in building a large empirium. (Indeed, under Elizabeth, the UK does not have the signs of a empirium). Even so, he left the British Navy the strongest in the world and laid the foundations of the subsequent British empirium.
Greatness empirium British overseas acquired after the death of Elizabeth, at least in part terbesamya. Many people who play an important role empirium British establishment which in some cases can be considered a reasonable result of European expansion in general and the geographical position of Britain. It should also be noted that many other European countries that border the Atlantic Ocean (French, Spanish and even Portuguese) also build a large empirium.
Besides, the role of Elizabeth defend Britain and the threat of Spain easily be exaggerated. If studied, it is not visible Spain was once a serious threat to British independence. It must be remembered, the battle between the British fleet versus fleet of Spain was not too lasted a short distance. (Not one England lost ship!). And further than that, even if Spanish troops successfully landed in England, is difficult to imagine they can conquer it. Spanish armed forces have never reached an impressive victory anywhere in Europe. If Spain was not able to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands, it is clear there is no piece he could conquer England. By the 16th century, English nationalism is much more powerful than the possibility of Spain could conquer it.
So where Elizabeth should be placed on the list this book? Basically he's a local character. When compared with Peter the Great of Russia did not seem equal. Judging from the point of obvious fact Peter is much more innovative than Elizabeth. I will get difficulty convincing the Russians who have clear mind that Elizabeth placed higher in the order of Peter. In contrast, measured from the important role played by England and Englishmen in the centuries after Elizabeth was a mistake to put too far behind Peter. In many ways, it seems clear there is little kings in history have the success as much as Elizabeth.

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