Selasa, 14 Juni 2011

MARTIN LUTHER 1483-1546

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Martin Luther, who pembangkangannya against the Roman Catholic Church and gave birth to the Protestant reform movement born in the year 1483 in the town of Eisleben, Germany. He obtained a college education is quite good and at one time had studied the law (apparently at the instigation of the father). But, overall he has never completed a formal education but rather choose to be Augustinian priest. In 1512 he earned his doctorate in theology from Wittenberg University and soon after that plunge active in the faculty department.
Dissatisfaction and Martin Luther's complaints against the Roman Catholic Church arose level by level. In 1510 he made perlawatan to Rome. At that point he was shocked stunned witness absurdly worldly extravagance and luxury of the priests of the Catholic church. However, the most pushed protested the church is mainly in terms of deeds relating to the issue of forgiveness of sins committed by the church. On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther putting up posters at the gates of Wittenberg church that contains the "ninety-five basic attitude of" who berated the luxuries of life including the church in general and send oppression "ninety-five basic attitude of" it was the Bishop of Mainz. In addition, also printed and widely distributed everywhere.
The scope of Martin Luther's protest against the Roman Catholic Church with remarkable velocity spread and spread. Luther increase its attacks into the heart of the problem right: to deny the power of the Pope, the Church Council. Martin Luther insisted he was only subject to the guidance of the Gospel and by reason of common sense. Understandably, the church was not pleased with this Luther's opinion. Luther was ordered to come before the church dignitaries and after each hearing and argument as well as a requirement that the Martin Luther threw his opinion, he finally declared "apostates" and found guilty and excommunicated by the board of the trial (1521) and all his writings and not otherwise prohibited could be accounted for.
It should be - according to custom - Martin Luther should be burned to charcoal burning as well as the person who set fire to straw. However, Luther's views are widespread and affect a small portion of Germans and German noblemen. Although Martin Luther must also go hide for a year, support for him is so strong that he could be released from criminal penalties that befall him.
Martin Luther was a famous and prolific writer and had a wide influence. One job is to translate the Bible into German. This - of course - opening the door for each person their own literacy without necessarily learning the gospel through the intermediary of the church or pastor. (Incidentally, the translation is so beautiful and perfect spread remarkable influence on the language and kesusasteraaan Germany).
Luther's theology - of course - impossible described here in brief in a limited space. One of the key ideas is the doctrine of the necessity of faith in trust solely, an idea based on the writings of St. Paul. Luther was convinced, man becomes bleak according kondratnya because of his sins and solely through the actions and work better alone that can save him from eternal damnation. Rescue only comes through faith and with the blessing of God's forgiveness. Therefore, according to Luther, it is clear that the actions of the church to sell forgiveness is inappropriate and futile. With so well meant, traditionally a rusty opinion that the church considers it an intermediary that can not be removed between a Christian and God is really something that is false. If one adheres to the doctrine of Martin Luther, it means the right to life of the Roman Catholic Church was wiped out at one stroke.
In addition, in the case questioned the essential role of the church, Luther also protested against various kinds of beliefs and practices of special worship. For example, he rejected the existence of purgatory (a state after death where the spirit requires purification through torture while), and he refused necessity for a priest celibacy. He himself in 1525 married a former nun, had six children. Luther died in Eisleben in 1546 when he was on his way to visit his hometown.
Martin Luther, of course, not a Protestant thinker first. A century before he was preceded by Jan Hus of Bohemia, and in the 14th century British scholar John Wycliffe, even in the 12th century a Frenchman named Peter Waldo can be considered a first Protestant. However, the influence of Martin Luther's predecessors in the movement had only included the local. In 1517, dissatisfaction with the Catholic church has penetrated everywhere. Sayings of Martin Luther was a huge fire that spread to a chain of much of Europe. Luther because it has an indisputable right that he was the person responsible for the explosion of dynamite sulutan renewal.
The most obvious consequence of this renewal movement - of course - the establishment of various Protestant sects. Although Protestant cumalah is only part of Christianity as a whole, nor is the biggest part, but nonetheless exceeded the number of adherents of the Buddhist and even compared with other religions generally.
Important consequence of this renewal movement is spreading breadth of armed religious clashes that soon followed. Some examples of religious wars (eg, Thirty Years' War in Germany that began in 1618 and only ended in 1648) really a bloody war which claimed many victims. Even besides clashing of weapons, the political conflict between Catholics and Protestants play an important role in the political arena of Europe for several centuries to come.
Renewal also plays a complicated but important in the intellectual development of Europe. Prior to 1517 there is only one church, the Roman Catholic Church and every dissident and who have another opinion immediately branded "apostates." Climate kemplang that kind of erratic play just does not give freshness for freedom of thinking. After the renewal because various countries have accepted the principles of freedom of thought in religion, in itself provide security in a matter of speculation of various kinds of problems.
There is also another notable influence, most figures are included in the list in this book are from Britain, exceeding the figures from other countries. Germany followed after the British. It could be said, a list of these figures are very subtle dominated by those from both the Protestant countries of Northern Europe and America. If we examine, only two people from the list (Gutenberg and Charlemagne) lived before the year 1517. Before that year, most of the people listed in this book comes from another world and the people who live in the land which is now well known in comparison with Protestant countries did not contribute how much to human culture and history. This light indicates how the Protestant movement or the Renewal movement is responsible for the fact how many famous people from this area within a period of 450 years. Perhaps the development of intellectual freedom in this area was a major factor.
Luther was not altogether free from mistakes. Although he was a rebel against religious authority, he can be very short-sighted and not gracefully against those who have different opinions with him on religious issues. It could be short-sighted attitude and not gracefully Luther has resulted in religious wars in Germany is much more fierce and more bloody than for example in the UK. After all, Martin Luther very gravity of anti-Jewish, and his writings are very outrageous and hit kromo against Jews is likely to pave the way for Hitler's encouragement to do the atrocities in the 20th century.
Luther often stressed the need for adherence to the rule of legitimate civilian government. Most likely, the main background is due to refusal of church interference against civil government. (Do not forget, the Renewal movement is not solely theological strife, To a certain extent he is also a German Nationalist revolt against Roman influence, therefore it's worth when some movements get great support from some German prince). Remove from Luther's intentions, his statement on the German Protestants encouraged to receive the absolute attitude in matters relating to politics. And that way also the writings of Martin Luther helped clear the way for the era of Hitler's power.
Maybe there are some people wondered why Martin Luther was not given a higher place in the list of this book. The main reason, though Luther had seen the importance for Europeans and Americans, he does not have significant meaning for the people in Asia and Africa because it is relatively not much to embrace Christianity. And as far as the Chinese, Japanese or Indian, the difference between Catholics and Protestants have no significance for them. (Something similar happened to the Europeans who are not so interested in the differences between the Sunnis and the Shiites in Islam).
The second reason, Luther when weighed-weigh, a new historical figure, because it influence coverage in the history of humanity. not as big as Mohammed, Buddha, or Moses. Furthermore, during recent centuries to the religious beliefs of decline in the West, and the influence of religion on human problems within the next 2000 years seems smaller than the thousands of years passed. If the work holding continuous decline of religious influence, Martin Luther-dragon dragon will appear more reduced again its importance in the history of humanity than he earned now.
Finally, remember that we are worthy of religious strife in the early centuries of the 16th and 17th really does not - in the long run - an impact to people's lives as well as the progress of science is happening at the same time. Indeed, the main reason why Luther was placed within the main list of more top of Copernicus (who lived contemporary with it) is because Luther play a greater role by an individual within the Protestant Reform movement than the Copernican revolution in science.

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